前面谈了多线程应用程序能极大地改善用户相应。例如对于一个Web应用程序，每当一个用户请求服务器连接时，服务器就可以启动一个新线程为用户服务。
然而，创建和销毁线程本身就有一定的开销，如果频繁创建和销毁线程，CPU和内存开销就不可忽略，垃圾收集器还必须负担更多的工作。因此，线程池就是为了避免频繁创建和销毁线程。
每当服务器接受了一个新的请求后，服务器就从线程池中挑选一个等待的线程并执行请求处理。处理完毕后，线程并不结束，而是转为阻塞状态再次被放入线程池中。这样就避免了频繁创建和销毁线程。
Worker Pattern实现了类似线程池的功能。首先定义Task接口：
package com.crackj2ee.thread;
public interface Task {
void execute();
}
线程将负责执行execute()方法。注意到任务是由子类通过实现execute()方法实现的，线程本身并不知道自己执行的任务。它只负责运行一个耗时的execute()方法。
具体任务由子类实现，我们定义了一个CalculateTask和一个TimerTask：
// CalculateTask.java
package com.crackj2ee.thread;
public class CalculateTask implements Task {
private static int count = 0;
private int num = count;
public CalculateTask() {
count++;
}
public void execute() {
System.out.println("[CalculateTask " + num + "] start...");
try {
Thread.sleep(3000);
}
catch(InterruptedException ie) {}
System.out.println("[CalculateTask " + num + "] done.");
}
}
// TimerTask.java
package com.crackj2ee.thread;
public class TimerTask implements Task {
private static int count = 0;
private int num = count;
public TimerTask() {
count++;
}
public void execute() {
System.out.println("[TimerTask " + num + "] start...");
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
catch(InterruptedException ie) {}
System.out.println("[TimerTask " + num + "] done.");
}
}
以上任务均简单的sleep若干秒。
TaskQueue实现了一个队列，客户端可以将请求放入队列，服务器线程可以从队列中取出任务：
package com.crackj2ee.thread;
import java.util.*;
public class TaskQueue {
private List queue = new LinkedList();
public synchronized Task getTask() {
while(queue.size()==0) {
try {
this.wait();
}
catch(InterruptedException ie) {
return null;
}
}
return (Task)queue.remove(0);
}
public synchronized void putTask(Task task) {
queue.add(task);
this.notifyAll();
}
}
终于到了真正的WorkerThread，这是真正执行任务的服务器线程：
package com.crackj2ee.thread;
public class WorkerThread extends Thread {
private static int count = 0;
private boolean busy = false;
private boolean stop = false;
private TaskQueue queue;
public WorkerThread(ThreadGroup group, TaskQueue queue) {
super(group, "worker-" + count);
count++;
this.queue = queue;
}
public void shutdown() {
stop = true;
this.interrupt();
try {
this.join();
}
catch(InterruptedException ie) {}
}
public boolean isIdle() {
return !busy;
}
public void run() {
System.out.println(getName() + " start.");
while(!stop) {
Task task = queue.getTask();
if(task!=null) {
busy = true;
task.execute();
busy = false;
}
}
System.out.println(getName() + " end.");
}
}
前面已经讲过，queue.getTask()是一个阻塞方法，服务器线程可能在此wait()一段时间。此外，WorkerThread还有一个shutdown方法，用于安全结束线程。
最后是ThreadPool，负责管理所有的服务器线程，还可以动态增加和减少线程数：
package com.crackj2ee.thread;
import java.util.*;
public class ThreadPool extends ThreadGroup {
private List threads = new LinkedList();
private TaskQueue queue;
public ThreadPool(TaskQueue queue) {
super("Thread-Pool");
this.queue = queue;
}
public synchronized void addWorkerThread() {
Thread t = new WorkerThread(this, queue);
threads.add(t);
t.start();
}
public synchronized void removeWorkerThread() {
if(threads.size()>0) {
WorkerThread t = (WorkerThread)threads.remove(0);
t.shutdown();
}
}
public synchronized void currentStatus() {
System.out.println("-----------------------------------------------");
System.out.println("Thread count = " + threads.size());
Iterator it = threads.iterator();
while(it.hasNext()) {
WorkerThread t = (WorkerThread)it.next();
System.out.println(t.getName() + ": " + (t.isIdle() ? "idle" : "busy"));
}
System.out.println("-----------------------------------------------");
}
}
currentStatus()方法是为了方便调试，打印出所有线程的当前状态。
最后，Main负责完成main()方法：
package com.crackj2ee.thread;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
TaskQueue queue = new TaskQueue();
ThreadPool pool = new ThreadPool(queue);
for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
queue.putTask(new CalculateTask());
queue.putTask(new TimerTask());
}
pool.addWorkerThread();
pool.addWorkerThread();
doSleep(8000);
pool.currentStatus();
pool.addWorkerThread();
pool.addWorkerThread();
pool.addWorkerThread();
pool.addWorkerThread();
pool.addWorkerThread();
doSleep(5000);
pool.currentStatus();
}
private static void doSleep(long ms) {
try {
Thread.sleep(ms);
}
catch(InterruptedException ie) {}
}
}
main()一开始放入了20个Task，然后动态添加了一些服务线程，并定期打印线程状态，运行结果如下：
worker-0 start.
[CalculateTask 0] start...
worker-1 start.
[TimerTask 0] start...
[TimerTask 0] done.
[CalculateTask 1] start...
[CalculateTask 0] done.
[TimerTask 1] start...
[CalculateTask 1] done.
[CalculateTask 2] start...
[TimerTask 1] done.
[TimerTask 2] start...
[TimerTask 2] done.
[CalculateTask 3] start...
-----------------------------------------------
Thread count = 2
worker-0: busy
worker-1: busy
-----------------------------------------------
[CalculateTask 2] done.
[TimerTask 3] start...
worker-2 start.
[CalculateTask 4] start...
worker-3 start.
[TimerTask 4] start...
worker-4 start.
[CalculateTask 5] start...
worker-5 start.
[TimerTask 5] start...
worker-6 start.
[CalculateTask 6] start...
[CalculateTask 3] done.
[TimerTask 6] start...
[TimerTask 3] done.
[CalculateTask 7] start...
[TimerTask 4] done.
[TimerTask 7] start...
[TimerTask 5] done.
[CalculateTask 8] start...
[CalculateTask 4] done.
[TimerTask 8] start...
[CalculateTask 5] done.
[CalculateTask 9] start...
[CalculateTask 6] done.
[TimerTask 9] start...
[TimerTask 6] done.
[TimerTask 7] done.
-----------------------------------------------
Thread count = 7
worker-0: idle
worker-1: busy
worker-2: busy
worker-3: idle
worker-4: busy
worker-5: busy
worker-6: busy
-----------------------------------------------
[CalculateTask 7] done.
[CalculateTask 8] done.
[TimerTask 8] done.
[TimerTask 9] done.
[CalculateTask 9] done.
仔细观察：一开始只有两个服务器线程，因此线程状态都是忙，后来线程数增多，
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